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Index

Armenia

The Urartu Civilisation

Victory for Independence

Artashisian Dynasty on the Armenian Throne

Armenia caught between Rome and the Arsacids

The Acceptance of Christianity

Defending Christianity

Armenia Under the Bagratouni Dynasty

Cilicia - the New Armenia

Armenia Under Turanian Rule

The Renaissance or the Resurrection of Armenia

The Eastern Question

Russia in the Caucasus

The Armenian Question

Battle on Two Fronts

Tsarist Russia Against the Armenians

The Revolution of the Young Turks and the Armenian People on the Eve of World War I

The First World War

The Resurrection of Armenia

Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918

- Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918

Eastern Armenia

Western Armenia

"The Fateful Years" (1914-1917)

"Hopes and Emotions" (March-October, 1917)

The Bolshevik Revolution and Armenia

Transcaucasia Adrift (November, 1917

Dilemmas (March-April, 1918)

War and Independence (April-May, 1918)

The Republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia

The Suppliants (June-October, 1918)

In conclusion

Soviet Armenia

The Second Independent Republic of Armenia

Epilogue

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The Fall of Baku

As Talaat and von Hintze were haggling in Berlin, Enver Pasha had ordered Halil Pasha, Eastern Army Group Commander, to take charge of the Baku operation. During the first days of September, approximately fifteen thousand Ottoman and Azerbaijani troops resumed the offensive, while the 15th Division pressed toward Derbend to cut communications between Baku and the North. By September 13, the defenders had fallen back into the suburbs of the city. General Dunsterville prepared to evacuate his small British contingent and urged the Centro-Caspian Dictatorship to negotiate for the surrender of Baku. The Russian and Armenian leaders now threatened to sink every vessel of the Dunsterforce if the British attempted to desert. The situation was hopeless, however, and by the morning of September 14 few believed that Baku could hold. Restless Moslems in the city began to display greater courage and prepared for the moment of deliverance. Dunsterville, not wiling to risk the loss of his entire group, rejected the Centro-Caspian appeal to hold a day or two longer so that the civilian population could be evacuated. Under cover of darkness that same evening, the British sailed unhindered toward Enzeli, whence they had appeared. 34 The panic in Baku needs no description. The Christian population rushed toward the harbour, where they crammed into every available vessel. Nearly half of Baku's seventy thousand Armenians succeeded in escaping the Turkic vengeance by sailing to Enzeli, Astrakhan, or Krasnovodsk. The reminder were abandoned. On the morning of September 15, the Armenian Council and the Centro-Caspian Dictatorship departed in one the last ships, as the Christian quarters of Baku were already shrouded in smoke. Halil, Nuri, and Mürsel withheld the entry of regular Ottoman units into Baku so that the age-old Islamic custom of looting and pillaging defiant cities might be observed. Enver Pasha's subalterns had forbidden the participation of General von Kress' men in the attack and now ignored the entreaties for leniency from the German officers attached to the Turkish staff and from the Baku consuls of neutral nations. 35 The Moslem masses of Baku, thousands of irregular troops, and even several regular Ottoman regiments swarmed throughout the city plundering and killing. Property valued at a billion rubles was destroyed and thousands of Christians fell before the frenzied horde, which garnered sweet revenge for the humiliation and agony of the "March Days." Conservative estimates of Armenian dead are close to ten thousand, while many sources claim that from twenty to thirty thousand Christians were slaughtered. 36 On September 16, the Ottoman divisions marched into Baku in a victory parade reviewed by the Turkish Command and greeted by thousands of cheering Moslems. The despised Bolsheviks and Armenians had been expelled, and Fathali Khan Khoisky's Azerbaijani government was now able to transfer triumphantly from Ganja to the great and natural capital of the world's first Moslem republic. 37