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Sahak I, Catholicos: 65, 73 |
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Sait-Pierre: 98 |
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Saladin: 145, 146, 149, 150, 171 |
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Salisbury, Lord: 236, 240, 241, 242, 250, 257, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268 |
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Sargisyan, Sos: 371 |
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Sargsian, Sargis: 371 |
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Sarkisian, Serzh: 355, 356 |
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Sarkisian, Vazgen: 349, 355, 360, 367, 368 |
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Saroyan, William: 371 |
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Saryan, Martiros: 327, 371 |
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Sassountsi, Davit: 96 |
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Satenik: 17 |
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Sayat Nova: 204 |
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Schlumberger, Gustave: 124, 132, 160 |
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Sebeos: 75, 82, 96 |
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Seleukos: 16 |
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Selim I: 176 |
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Sevak, Parouyr: 371 |
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Severus, Alexander: 59 |
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Severus, Septimus: 47 |
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Shahoumian, Stepan: 272 |
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Shapour II: 67, 71 |
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Shirakatsi, Anania: 96 |
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Shiraz, Hovhannes: 371 |
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Shirvanzade, Alexandr: 327 |
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Siamanto: 298 |
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Siuni, Vasak: 76 |
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Smbat I: 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 118 |
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Smbat II: 106, 107, 109, 111 |
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Smbat III: 109, 111 |
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Sorel, Albert: 214, 215 |
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Soundoukian: 203, 205, 327 |
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Soundoukian, Gabriel: 327 |
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Spendiarov, Alexandr: 327 |
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Stalin, Josef: 272, 315, 321, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 340, 371 |
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Stolypin: 287 |
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Strabon: 14, 18, 23, 39, 50, 56 |
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Strzygowski, J.: 97, 98, 99, 120, 121, 122, 134 |
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Suleiman II: 176, 177, 178 |
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Sulla: 21, 29, 34 |
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| Stolypin |
| 1862 - 1911 |
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin served as Nicholas II's Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1906 to 1911. He became known for his heavy-handed attempts to battle revolutionary groups and for instituting the agrarian reform.
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Stolypin was a high-born member of the Russian aristocracy, related on his father's side to the poet Mikhail Lermontov. He had a good education and served in the government bureaucracy. His successes led to him first being appointed interior minister under Ivan Goremykin. A few months later, Nicholas appointed Stolypin to replace Goremykin as Prime Minister.
Russia in 1906 was plagued by revolutionary unrest and wide discontent amongst the population. Leftist organisations were waging campaigns against the autocracy, and had wide support; throughout Russia, police officials and bureaucrats were being assassinated. To respond to these attacks Stolypin introduced a system of military tribunals that held quick trials of any accused rebels. If the accused was sentenced to death, as often happened, the sentence would be carried out within a day. Thousands of Russian radicals were killed under Stolypin's system. The gallows hence acquired the nickname Stolypin's necktie.
He dissolved the First Duma on July 22 (July 9, Old Style) 1906, after the discontent of some of its more radical members to co-operate with the government and calls for land reform. To help quell dissent Stolypin also hoped to remove some of the causes of grievance amongst the peasantry. Thus, he introduced important land reforms. Stolypin also tried to improve the lives of the urban workers and worked to increase the power of local governments.
Opinions about Stolypin's work are very divided. In the unruly atmosphere after the Revolution of 1905 he had to suppress violent revolt and anarchy. His agrarian reform held out much promise, however. Stolypin's phrase that it was a "wager on the strong" has often been maliciously misrepresented. Stolypin and his collaborators (among whom in the first place his Minister of Agriculture Krivoshejn should be mentioned) tried to give as many peasants as possible a chance to raise themselves out of poverty, by promoting consolidation of scattered plots, introducing banking facilities for peasants, stimulating emigration from overcrowded areas to virgin lands in Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia. The aim of Stolypin was to create a moderately wealthy class of peasants, who would be supporters of societal order.
Lenin was afraid Stolypin might succeed in helping Russia avoid a violent revolution. Many German political leaders feared that a successful economic transformation of Russia would undermine Germany's dominating position in Europe within a generation. Some historians believe that German leaders in 1914 chose to provoke a war with Tsarist Russia, in order to defeat it before it would grow too strong. On the other hand, the Tsar did not give Stolypin unreserved backing. In fact, it was believed that his position at Court was already seriously undermined by the time he fell victim to an assasination attempt in 1911.
Stolypins reforms did not survive the turmoil of the World War, October Revolution and Civil War.
Stolypin changed the nature of the Duma to attempt to make it more willing to pass legislation proposed by the government. After dissolving the Second Duma in June 1907, he changed the weight of votes more in favour of the nobility and wealthy, reducing the value of lower class votes. This effected the elections to the Third Duma, which returned much more conservative members, more willing to co-operate with the government.
On September 14 (September 1 Old Style) 1911, Stolypin was assassinated by a leftist radical, Dmitri Bogrov, while attending a performance at the Kiev Opera House. He died four days later.
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